>"Iran and Cuba, in cooperation with each other, can bring America to its
>knees. The U.S. regime is very weak, and we are witnessing this weakness
>from close up."
>
>Fidel Castro, during his tour of Iran, Syria and Libya.
>Agence France Press, May 10, 2001
>
>
>CASTRO AND TERRORISM
>A CHRONOLOY
>by Eugene Pons wiith a foreword >y Jaime Suchlicki
>
>
>Institute for Cuban & >Cuban-American Studies
>Occasional Paper Series >September 2001
>
>
>Since 1948 when, as a young student, Fidel Castro participated in the
>violence that rocked Colombian society and distributed anti-U.S.
>propaganda, >he has been guided by two objectives: a commitment to violence and a
>virulent anti-Americanism. His struggle since and his forty-two years rule
>in Cuba have been characterized primarily by these goals.
>In the 1960's Castro and his brother, Raul, believed that the
>political and economic conditions that produced their revolution existed in
>Latin America and that anti-American revolutions would occur throughout the
>continent. Cuban agents and diplomats established contact with
>revolutionary, terrorist and guerrilla groups in the area and began
>distributing propaganda, weapons and aid. Many Latin Americans were
>brought to Cuba for training and then returned to their countries.
>At the Tricontinental Conference held in Havana in 1966 and attended
>by revolutionary leaders from throughout the world, Castro insisted that
>bullets not ballots was the way to achieve power and provided the
>institutional means to promote his anti-American, violent line. He
>insisted >that "conditions exist for an armed revolutionary struggle" and criticized
>those who opposed armed struggle, including some Communist leaders in Latin
>America, as "traitorous, rightists, and deviationists."
>Castro's attempts in the 1960's to bring revolutionary,
>anti-American regimes to power failed. His support for guerrillas and
>terrorist groups in Guatemala, Venezuela, and Bolivia only produced
>violence >and suffering to those countries and their people, which repudiated
>violence >as a means to achieve power. Violence resulted in military regimes coming
>to power in several Latin American countries.
>For the next two decades, the Cuban leadership, supported by the
>Soviet Union, modified its tactics. In addition to agents from the America
>Department, the subversive arm of Cuba's Communist Party, Castro used his
>Armed Forces to help friendly groups achieve power in Latin America and
>Africa. In Nicaragua Cuban military personnel, weapons and intelligence
>supported and helped bring to power the Sandinistas. In El Salvador, a
>bloody civil war in part fomented and aided by Cuba, ended in a stalemate
>and a negotiated peace.
>In Africa, Castro achieved his most significant victories. The
>Soviet-Cuban >backed Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) faction was installed
>in >power in Angola and other Cuban supported regimes came to power throughout
>the continent. The Cuban military also trained and supplied the South-West
>African Peoples Organization (SWAPO) and the African National Congress
>(ANC), forces fighting the South African regime.
>Castro also became involved with African-Americans in the U.S. and
>with the Macheteros, a Puerto Rican terrorist group. Cuba focused
>particular attention on the black struggle in the U.S., providing aid and
>training to the Black Panthers and the Black Liberation Army, as well as a
>safehaven on the island for black leaders. Castro continuously promoted
>the >independence of Puerto Rico and supported the Macheteros who committed
>terrorist acts and bank robberies in the United States. Several still live
>in Cuba.
>Cuban military and intelligence personnel aided Middle Eastern
>groups and regimes in their struggle against Israel, and Cuban troops
>fought >on the side of Arab States, particularly Syria, during the Yom Kippur war.
>Castro sent military instructors and advisors into Palestinian bases;
>cooperated with Libya in the founding of World Mathaba, a terrorist
>movement; and established close military cooperation and exchanges with
>Iraq, Libya, Southern Yemen, the Polisario Front for the Liberation of
>Western Sahara, the PLO and others in the Middle East.
>Despite the collapse of the Soviet Union, Castro continues to
>undermine U.S. policies in the Middle East in several ways: a) by
>portraying >U.S. actions and diplomacy in the region as those of an aggressor, seeking
>to impose hegemony by force, particularly in Iraq and the perpetration of
>unjustified economic sanctions on Iraq and Iran; b) by portraying the U.S.
>as the main obstacle to a peaceful settlement of the Israel/Arab conflict;
>and c) by discrediting U.S. policies and seeking support for Cuba at the
>U.N. These anti-American views and policies are conveyed as a systematic
>message through a network of Cuban embassies and agents, as well as at the
>U.N. and other non-governmental political, religious and cultural
>organizations.
>While not abandoning his close relationships in the Middle East,
>Castro has recently concentrated his support on several groups: the
>Fuerzas >Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), where Castro, and his new ally
>Hugo Chavez of Venezuela, see significant possibilities for success; ETA,
>the Basque terrorist/separatist organization from Spain, which has found
>refuge and support in Cuba, and the Irish Republican Army (IRA), which
>established its Latin American headquarters in Havana.
>American policymakers should pay careful attention to the intricate
>web of relationships which emerges so clearly from this chronology. It
>carefully details Castro's involvement with and support for terrorist
>regimes and organizations during the past four decades. Cuba's
>geographical >location, Castro's continuous connections with these groups and states and
>the harboring of terrorists in Havana creates a dynamic that requires
>vigilance and alertness.
>It should be emphasized that in addition to violence and terrorism, Castro
>and his regime, have been for more than four decades, the most vocal and
>active proponents of anti-Americanism. The often-repeated view in many
>countries that the United States is an evil power, guilty for much of the
>problems and sufferings of the developing world, is owed in great part to
>the propaganda efforts of Fidel Castro.
>
>Jaime Suchlicki
>Director
>Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies
>September 2001
>Castro and Terrorism
>A Chronology
>By Eugene Pons*
>1959-1967
> * Raúl Castro and Che Guevara visited Cairo and established
>contacts with African liberation movements stationed in and supported by
>Cairo. Both Cuban leaders visited Gaza and expressed support for the
>Palestinian cause.
>
> * Members of the Dominican Republic "Agrupación Política Catorce
>de Junio" received military training in Cuba.
>
> * Major emphasis was placed on instructing several hundred
>pro-Castro Latin Americans in violence and guerrilla warfare. Dominicans,
>Guatemalans, Venezuelans and Chileans were trained in special camps in Cuba
>and infiltrated back to their countries.
>
> * Castro established relations with the Algerian FLN; official
>and public support was extended, weapons were shipped to the FLN through
>Morocco (1960-1961). Cuba provided shelter, medical and educational
>services
>and cooperation in the fields of counter-intelligence and intelligence.
>
> * African leaders from Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria,
>South Africa, Spanish Guinea, Tanganyika and Zanzibar arrived in Cuba for
>military training.
>
> * Che Guevara engaged in guerrilla operations in
>Congo-Kinshasa (former Zaire) in 1965.
>
> * A revolutionary trained in Cuba, John Okello, overthrew the
>pro-Western government in Zanzibar in 1964 and proclaimed the "People's
>Republic of Zanzibar" which was promptly recognized by Cuba and the Soviet
>Union.
>
> * Conference of Latin American Communist Parties held in
>Havana agreed to "help actively the guerrilla forces in Venezuela,
>Guatemala, Paraguay, Colombia, Honduras and Haiti".
>
> * Group of Venezuelans, members of the Movimiento de la
>Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR), trained in Cuba and landed in the Venezuela
>coast in the State of Miranda.
>
> * Cuban trained Guatemalans Cesar Montes and Luis Turcios Lima
>led a violent terrorist/guerrilla campaign against the government in
>Guatemala. Montes organized the Ejercito Guerrillero de los Pobres (EGP) in
>Guatemala. In the 1980's he joined the FMLN in El Salvador and participated
>actively in the bloody civil war in that country.
>
> * Cuba welcomed the founding of the PLO. First contacts with
>Palestinian FATAH in 1965 in Algiers and Damascus.
>
> * The Tricontinental Conference was held in Havana in January,
>1966 to adopt a common political strategy against colonialism,
>neocolonialism, and imperialism. Cuba provided the organizational structure
>to support terrorist, anti-American groups in the Middle East and Latin
>America. The Organization for the Solidarity with the Peoples of Africa,
>Asia and Latin America (OSPAAL) was created.
>
> * Fidel Castro created The National Liberation Directorate
>(DLN) in Cuba to support revolutionary groups throughout the world. DLN was
>responsible for planning and coordinating Cuba's terrorist training camps
>in >the island, covert movement of personnel and military supplies from Cuba
>and >a propaganda apparatus.
>
> * A Cuban controlled Latin American Solidarity Organization
>(LASO), with its permanent seat in Havana was created to "coordinate and
>foment the fight against North American imperialism".
>
> * In Venezuela, Castro made a relentless and determined effort
>to create another Cuba by supporting the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación
>Nacional (FALN) and promoting violence and terrorism against the
>democratically elected regime of Rómulo Betancourt.
>
> * Castro sent weapons via Cairo, to the NLF in Southern Yemen.
>Cuban agents were sent on fact-finding missions to North and South Yemen
>(1967- 1968).
>
> * Cuba published a small book by French Marxist journalist
>Regis Debray Revolution in the Revolution, promoting guerrilla warfare in
>Latin America. The book was translated into various languages and
>distributed widely.
>
> * Cuban supported guerrillas led by Che Guevara moved into
>Bolivia in an attempt to create "many Vietnams " in South America.
>
> * Cuba and Syria developed a close alliance and supported
>FATAH and the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF).
>
>1968-1975
> * Cuba continued its military and political support for FATAH
>after the Syrians broke with the latter, and Cuban military, political and
>intelligence support was granted to other Palestinian organizations.
>
> * Castro sent military instructors and advisors into
>Palestinian bases in Jordan to train Palestinian Fedayeen (1968); first
>high-level delegation from FATAH-PLO visited Cuba (1970).
>
> * Several missions sent to Southern Yemen to support NLF/FATAH
>Ismail both politically and militarily.
>
> * Castro began supporting and training of M19, a Colombian
>guerrilla group that captured the Dominican Embassy and the Justice
>building
>in Bogota and assassinated several prominent Colombian judges.
>
> * In 1970 a "Mini Manual for Revolutionaries" was published in
>the official LASO publication Tricontinental, written by Brazilian urban
>terrorist leader Carlos Marighella. The mini manual gives precise
>instruction in terror tactics, kidnappings, etc. The short book was
>translated into numerous languages and distributed worldwide by Cuba.
>
> * Cuba commenced political and military cooperation with
>Somalia's Siad Barre (1969).
>
> * Economic and political cooperation began with Libya in 1974.
>
> * In 1974 the National Liberation Directorate (DLN) was
>reorganized into the America Department (DA) under the Communist Party of
>Cuba Central Committee. The DA centralized control over Cuban activities
>for
>supporting national liberation movements. The DA was responsible for
>planning and coordinating Cuba's secret guerrilla and terrorist training
>camps, networks for the covert movement of personnel and material from
>Cuba,
>and a propaganda apparatus. DA agents also operated in Europe and other
>regions. Trusted Castro ally Manuel Piñeiro, " Barbaroja" was placed in
>charge.
>
> * Cuba provided training and support to the Tupamaros, a
>terrorist group operating in Uruguay.
>
> * Cuba's America Department (DA) set up a network for the
>funneling of weapons and supplies to the Sandinistas in Nicaragua.
>
> * In 1979 second in command in Cuba's America Department (DA)
>Armando Ulises Estrada, helped unify Sandinista factions fighting Somoza.
>
> * Closer connections with FATAH-PLO and other Palestinian
>organizations were reinforced, including training of Latin American
>guerrillas in Lebanon; Cuba's military support included
>counter-intelligence
>and intelligence training.
>
> * Arafat visited Cuba in 1974.
>
> * Cuba provided military support and personnel to Syria during
>the Yom Kippur War (1973-1975).
>
> * Black Panther Party members from the U.S. were trained in
>Canada by Cuban personnel. Black Panther leaders and other U.S. blacks also
>received weapons and explosives training in Havana.
>
> * Cuba joined with Algeria and Libya on a diplomatic/political
>offensive in support of Frente POLISARIO (People's Front for the Liberation
>of Western Sahara and Río del Oro); later on provided military cooperation,
>and medical services.
>
>1976-1982
> * The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) estimated that
>there were 300 Palestinians training in Cuban camps.
>
> * Cuba supported the so-called "Steadfastness Front" against
>the U.S. backed Camp David accord.
>
> * Illich Rámirez Sánchez, known as "Carlos, the Jackal",
>responsible for numerous terrorist acts in Europe, trained in Cuba. He
>attended the 1966 Tricontinental Conference in Havana and later trained in
>urban guerrilla tactics, automatic weapons, explosives and sabotage in
>Cuba.
>
> * Abu Iyad, a close aid to Yasser Arafat, stated in 1978 that
>hundreds of Palestinian had been sent to Cuban terrorist camps.
>
> * Additional military and political support provided to the
>Palestinian cause; Arafat attended the Sixth Non-Aligned Conference in
>Havana (1979).
>
> * During Havana visit, Arafat signed agreement for military
>cooperation and arms supply.
>
> * Significant hard currency loans (tens of million) were
>facilitated by Arafat-PLO to the Cuban government under very soft terms;
>Cuba granted diplomatic and political support to Arafat during the 1982
>Israeli invasion of Lebanon.
>
> * The Aden (South Yemen) regime supported the Ethiopian
>radical officers commanded by Mengistu Haile Mariam, sending Yemeni
>military
>units in support of the latter against Somali aggression, and asking the
>Cubans to do the same. Cuba joined in, first with a group of officers
>headed
>by General Arnaldo Ochoa, a move that was followed later on by the
>deployment of large Cuban forces against the Somali invasion. Also as part
>of the alliance with the Aden regime, Cuba granted some small-scale support
>to the Dhofaris in their armed struggle against the monarchy in Oman.
>
> * The Cuban trained Congolese National Liberation Front
>invaded Shala, Zaire.
>
> * As part of Cuba's alliance with Mengistu Haile Mariam's
>regime in Ethiopia, the Cuban leadership decided to engage in active
>political and military support of the Liberation Movement of Southern Sudan
>headed by John Garang against the Arab-Muslim regime in Khartoum.
>
> * Cuba developed closer ties with and sent military advisors
>to Iraq.
>
> * Cuba's America Department (DA) operated a weapons pipeline
>to the Farabundo Martí National Front (FMLN) a terrorist group attempting
>to
>gain power in El Salvador.
>
> * Cuba cooperated with Libya in the political founding of the
>World MATHABA in Tripoli, to provide political support and coordinate
>revolutionary violence throughout the world. Cuba supported Libya's stand
>on
>Chad and the FRENTE POLISARIO.
>
> * Cuban trained terrorists members of the Guatemalan EGP
>kidnapped a businessman in Guatemala. Several were arrested in Mexico when
>attempting to collect ransom.
>
> * Despite its close links with Baghdad, Cuba recognized and
>praised the Iranian Revolution. Once Iraq attacked Iran, Castro withdrew
>his
>military advisors from Baghdad and adopted a position of official
>impartiality, though more sympathetic to Baghdad, due to his past
>relations.
>
>
>1983-1990
> * Argentine born Cuban intelligence agent Jorge Massetti
>helped funnel Cuban funds to finance Puerto Rican terrorists belonging to
>the Machetero group. The Macheteros highjacked a Wells Fargo truck in
>Connecticut in September 1983 and stole $7.2 million.
>
> * Cuba's America Department (DA) provided, thru Jorge
>Massetti, weapons and several thousand dollars to the Chilean MIR.
>
> * Libyan support to Latin American revolutionary movements,
>especially in Central America and the whole of the World MATHABA project,
>declined after the U.S.bombing of Tripoli in 1986.
> * Cuban agents in Mexico engaged in bank robberies to finance
>several terrorist groups from Latin America operating out of Mexico.
>
> * The Palestinian Intifada increased Cuba's support for Arafat
>and the PLO, both diplomatic and military.
>
> * Several dozen Mexicans received training in terrorism and
>guerrilla warfare in Sierra del Rosario, Pinar del Rio Province and in
>Guanabo, in eastern Cuba.
>
> * After the negotiations leading to the establishment of the
>Palestinian National Authority, Cuban-Palestinian military cooperation was
>enhanced, including the areas of counter-intelligence and intelligence.
>
> * In early 1989, Cuban General Patricio de la Guardia directed
>a plot in Havana and charged Jorge Massetti with blowing up the U.S.
>transmission balloon of TV Martí located in the Florida Keys.
>
> * Cuba condemned Iraq for its invasion and annexation of
>Kuwait, supporting the latter's sovereignty; it also condemned U.S.
>military
>operations in the Gulf and abstained at the U.N. from supporting the bulk
>of
>the sanctions imposed on Baghdad. A Cuban military delegation was sent to
>Iraq to learn and share what was considered vital information and
>experiences from U.S. combat operations in Kuwait and Iraq.
>
> * Cuba provided advanced weapons and demolition training to
>the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) in Perú. The Tupac Amaru
>attacked the U.S. Embassy in 1984; bombed the Texaco offices in 1985 and
>attacked the residence of the U.S. Ambassador in 1985 all in Lima, Perú.
>
>1991-2001
> * ETA, a Spanish terrorist organization seeking a separate
>Basque homeland, established the Cuartel General (General Headquarters) in
>Havana.
>
> * A high-level PLO military delegation including the head of
>Intelligence paid a visit to Cuba.
>
> * On February 24, 1996, Cuban Air Force Migs shot down, in
>international waters, two small unarmed civilian planes belonging to
>Brothers to the Rescue, a Miami based group. All occupants were killed,
>including three American citizens.
>
> * The election of Abdelaziz Bouteflika (April 1999) as
>President of Algeria, opened new opportunities for Cuba, given Bouteflika's
>close relationship with the Cuban government for more than three decades.
> * PLO leaders continue to have close relations with the Cuban
>leadership, having access to specialized military and intelligence
>training,
>either in Cuba or Palestinian territory, and in the sharing of
>intelligence.
>
> * A spokesman for the Basque government in Spain met in Havana
>with two high level ETA terrorist taking refuge in Cuba, José Angel Urtiaga
>Martinez and Jesús Lucio Abrisqueta Corte.
>
> * Cuba continued to provide safe haven to several terrorists
>fugitives from the U.S. They include: Black Liberation Army leader Joanne
>Chesimard aka Assata Shakur, one of New Jersey's most wanted fugitives for
>killing a New Jersey State trooper in 1973 and Charlie Hill a member of the
>Republic of New Afrika Movement wanted for the hijacking of TWA 727 and the
>murder of a New Mexico State trooper
>
> * A number of Basque ETA terrorists who gained sanctuary in
>Cuba some years ago continued to live on the island, as did several Puerto
>Ricans members of the Machetero Group.
>
> * Castro refused to join the other Ibero-American heads of
>state in condemning ETA terrorism at the 2000 Ibero-American Summit in
>Panamá and slammed Mexico for its support of the Summit's statement against
>terrorism.
>
> * Castro continues to maintain ties to several state sponsors
>of terrorism in Latin America. Colombia's two largest terrorist
>organizations, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the
>National Liberation Army (ELN), both maintain a permanent presence on the
>island.
>
> * Colombian officials arrested IRA members Niall Connelly,
>Martin McCauley and James Monaghan and accused then of training the
>Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Connelly had been living in
>Cuba as the representative of the IRA for Latin America.
>
> * Former Defense Department counter-terrorism expert John
>More told UPI that Cubans, militant Palestinians, Hezbollah and even
>advisors from the leftist government of Venezuela are all active in
>Colombia.
>
> * During the trial of several Cuban spies in Miami, one of the
>accused Alejandro Alonso revealed on December 30, 2000 that he was
>instructed from Havana to locate areas in South Florida "where we can move
>persons as well as things, including arms and explosives."
>
> * Speaking at Tehran University in Iran on May 10, 2001 Fidel
>Castro vowed that "the imperialist king will finally fall".
>
> *Eugene Pons is the Coordinator of Cuba's Information System at the
>Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami.
>
>Glossary
>
>BPP - Black Panther Party - Founded in the United States in 1966 by Huey P.
>Newton and Bobby Seale. It adopted Marxist-Leninist principles along with
>urban guerrilla warfare, and a structure similar to the American Communist
>party.
>
>DGI - Directório General de Inteligencia - The Cuban Department in charge
>of
>collecting intelligence and carrying out covert operations outside Cuba.
>
>DA - America Department - Centralized control over Cuban activities for
>supporting national liberation movements, responsible for planning and
>coordinating Cuba's secret guerrilla and terrorist camps, and propaganda
>apparatus.
>
>DLN - National Liberation Directorate - Organization created in Cuba to
>support revolutionary groups throughout the world. Responsible for planning
>and coordinating Cuba's terrorist training camps in the island, covert
>movement of personnel and military supplies from Cuba, and propaganda
>apparatus.
>
>EGP - Ejercito Guerrillero de los Pobres - A political-military
>Marxist-Leninist organization that followed Cuba and Vietnam as
>revolutionary models. This Guatemalan insurgent organization was trained in
>Cuba and was very active during the 1970s, seeking to depose the political
>and military structure of the country.
>
>ELF - Eritrean Liberation Front - The most influential Eritrean
>organization
>fighting for secession from Ethiopia in the 1960s, actively supported by
>the
>Cuban and Syrian regime since 1965. Various internal divisions developed
>later on until the late 1970s, when a new front was built based on very
>different domestic and external alliances and, eventually led the Eritreans
>to victory. Cuba's support to Mengistu Haile Mariam's regime in 1978 meant
>the cessation of previous Cuban backing to the Eritrean cause.
>
>ELN - National Liberation Army - Organized by the Castro regime, this
>Colombian Marxist insurgent group was founded in 1965. Its main terrorist
>activities includes kidnappings and extortion targeting foreign employees
>of
>large corporations.
>
>ETA - Basque Separatist Movement - This organization was founded by
>militants and leftist students from the University of Madrid in 1962. They
>formed guerilla units that commit violent terrorist acts claiming that they
>are fighting for freedom of the Basque Region, in Spain. This group has
>close relations with the IRA. The two groups have offices in Havana and
>their members have found safe haven in Cuba.
>
>FALN - Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional - A Venezuelan guerrilla
>organization trained by Cuba in violence and terrorism.
>
>FARC - Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - Established in 1964, the
>FARC is the oldest and best-equipped Marxist insurgency in Colombia. It is
>a
>well-organized terrorist group that controls several rural and urban areas.
>It has received financial and military aid from Cuba and many of its
>members
>were trained in Havana.
>FATAH - Palestine National Liberation Movement - Founded in 1959 by younger
>generations of Palestinians that had experienced the defeats of 1948 and
>1956. The FATAH are strongly committed to a radical nationalist platform to
>fight for Palestine and against Arab intervention and manipulations of the
>Palestinian problem. Mostly an underground organization until the June War
>in 1967 when it transformed itself into the most powerful and influential
>party inside Palestinian and Arab politics.
>FLN - Front de Libération National - The political and military
>organization
>that led the war of national liberation against French colonial rule
>between
>1954 and 1962. Ruling political party until the 1980s in Algeria.
>
>FMLN - Farabundo Martí National Front - Formed in 1970, the FMLN is a
>terrorist Marxist-Leninist organization intent on establishing a communist
>revolutionary regime in El Salvador. The FMLN was extremely active in its
>terrorist campaign, receiving assistance from Nicaragua and Cuba.
>
>FSLN - Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional - This organization was
>founded in Havana in 1961 when Carlos Fonseca-Amador's Nicaraguan Patriotic
>Youth organization merged with Tomas Borge's Cuban-supported insurgent
>group. The group adopted Marxist-Leninist ideology and gained support from
>the Castro government, employing low-level guerrilla warfare and urban
>terrorism tactics to overthrow the Somoza dictatorship.
>
>IRA - Irish Republican Army - The IRA is the most dangerous terrorist
>organization of Northern Ireland dating back to the early 1920s. Although,
>it wasn't until the 1970's when the IRA began terrorist actions and
>resurrected the historical conflicts. The IRA targets political
>transformation for United Ireland by eliminating Britain from Northern
>Ireland and replacing the government of Northern Ireland with a socialist
>government. Its Latin American headquarters are in Havana.
>
>LASO - Latin American Solidarity Organization - A Cuban controlled
>organization founded during the 1966 Tri-Continental Conference in Havana
>to "coordinate and foment the fight against North American imperialism."
>
>M-19 - Movimiento 19 de Abril - A Castro supported group formed in 1974 to
>disrupt Colombia's government through acts of terrorism and violence. The
>M-19 was very active throughout the 1980s receiving assistance and training
>from the Montoneros and Tupamaros groups and the Cuban government, causing
>Colombia to temporarily sever diplomatic relations with Cuba.
>
>M-6-14 - Agrupación Politica Catorce de Junio - Dominican guerrilla
>organization trained in Cuba.
>
>MACHETEROS - This terrorist organization is composed of four Puerto Rican
>groups: 1) the Macheteros, 2) the Ejercito Popular Borícua (EPB), 3) the
>Movimiento Popular Revolucionario, and 4) the Partido Revolucionario de
>Trabajadores Puertorriqueños. Most of the Macheteros have been trained in
>Cuba, were they have established relations with other terrorist groups.
>They >are responsible for several terrorist acts within the United States and
>throughout Puerto Rico.
>
>MIR - Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionaria - A Chilean insurgent
>organization founded in 1965 and supported by Castro. The MIR was very
>active in the mid-1970s when they promoted violence and occupied several
>rural areas in Chile. The group encountered several set backs during the
>1980s that essentially ended their activity.
>
>MONTONEROS - An Argentinean guerilla organization that was formed in 1968
>as >a Peronist urban anti-government group. It adopted a Marxist ideology in
>the >mid-1970s after it united with the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de
>Argentina. In 1977, many of its members were exiled and its numbers reduced
>to less than 300.
>
>MRTA - Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement - Marxist-Leninist revolutionary
>organization formed in 1983 and supported by the Castro regime. The MRTA's
>intent was to establish a Marxist regime in Peru through terrorism,
>although >Peru's counter terrorism program diminished the groups' ability to
>effectively carry out terrorist attacks.
>
>NLF - National Front for the Liberation of South Yemen - Created in 1962 in
>the course of the revolution in North Yemen against the monarchy and
>supported by Nasser, the NLF is another important and successful branch of
>the Arab Nationalist Movement. Since 1965 it has had very close relations
>with Cuba. In 1966-1967, it broke with Nasser and finally forced the
>British >to negotiate and evacuate Aden.
>OSPAAL - Organization for the Solidarity of the Peoples of Africa, Asia and
>Latin America - Founded in 1966 in Cuba at the Tri-Continental Conference,
>this organization aims to support the struggle of the people of Africa,
>Asia >and Latin America against imperialism, colonialism and neo-colonialism.
>PLO - Palestine Liberation Organization - This organization was founded in
>Cairo in 1964 under the auspices of Egypt (then known as the United Arab
>Republic) to serve Nasser's manipulations of the Palestinian cause. The
>group was composed mostly of conservative Palestinian intellectuals and
>bureaucrats serving Arab governments. The PLO was an instrument of Nasser's
>foreign policy until the June War of 1967, when the old PLO leadership
>collapsed to be replaced by FATEH's leadership headed by Arafat.
>POLISARIO - People's Front for the Liberation of Western Sahara and Río del
>Oro - The Frente POLISARIO was inspired by the ANM tradition and the
>Algerian FLN and was created to fight against the
>Spanish-Morrocan-Mauritinian arrangements to split the former colony of
>Saguía el Hamra/Río del Oro (known as Western Sahara) between the two
>African states. This group enjoyed active support from Algeria and Libya
>and >Cuba.
>POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINES - The most important branch
>of the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM), created in the 1950s as radical
>followers of Nasser. After the June War of 1967, the group disassociated
>itself from Nasser and focused on building a more radical alternative
>within >the Palestinians under the name of Popular Front. The group has strong
>alliances within Lebanon, Jordan, Yemen, and the Gulf, and was heavily
>engaged in terrorist activities during the 1970s.
>TRICONTINENTAL - Cuban publication disseminated by the Organization for the
>Solidarity of the Peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America (OSPAAL) in
>four >languages: Spanish, English, French, and Italian / promoting the Castro
>line >of armed struggle.
>
>TUPAMAROS or MNL - Movimiento Nacional de Liberación Tupamaros - This
>Uruguay insurgent group was organized in the early 1960s by law student
>Raul >Sendic. The Tupamaros were one of the first terrorist groups to use
>guerrilla warfare in urban areas and established independent terrorist
>cells >throughout the country.
>
>WORLD MATHABA - A Libyan project from the late 1970s to promote political,
>financial, and military support for revolutionary movements throughout the
>world. Ghaddafi called on other "revolutionary governments" to support this
>project, which Cuba did. MATHABA was essentially a tool in the hands of
>the >Libyans to project their individual goals and agenda. Financial and
>military >assistance was never a collective decision, but responded for the most part
>to bilateral arrangements between Ghaddafi's regime and individual
>organizations, some of which resorted, at different stages, to terrorist
>methods like the IRA and ETA. Insurgencies in Central America, like the
>Sandinistas and others, were privileged beneficiaries along with the
>African >National Congress, Frente POLISARIO, and others.
>
>
>Select Bibliography
>Alarcón Ramírez, Dariel, «Benigno», Memorias de un Soldado Cubano: Vida y
>muerte de la Revolución. Barcelona: TusQuets Editores, S.A. 1996.
>Amuchastegui, Domingo, Cuba in the Middle East: A Brief Chronology. Coral
>Gables: Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami,
>1999.
>CubaNet News, "Fidel Castro: comandante en jefe de ETA". December 1999.
>Cuba On-Line: An Online Database of Information.
>http://cuba.sis.miami.edu/,
>Coral Gables: Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies, University of
>Miami, 2001.
>Geyer, Georgia Anne, Guerrilla Prince: The Untold Story of Fidel Castro.
>Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1991.
>Horowitz, Irving Louis and Suchlike, Jaime eds., Cuban Communism. New
>Brunswick, Transaction Publishers, 2000.
>Kline, Michael, "Castro's challenge to Latin American communism" in
>Suchlicki, Jaime, editor, Cuba, Castro, and Revolution. Coral Gables:
>University of Miami Press, 1972.
>Kopilow, David J., Castro, Israel & The PLO. Miami: The Cuban-American
>National Foundation, 1984.
>Kozak, Michael G., Cuba: A Threat to Peace and Security in Our Hemisphere.
>Department of State Bulletin, pp 75 - 78, November 1989.
>Mallin Sr., Jay, History of the Cuban Armed Forces: From Colony to Castro.
>Virginia: Ancient Mariners Press, 2000.
>Masetti, Jorge, El Furor y el Delirio: Itinerario de un hijo de la
>Revolución cubana. Barcelona: TusQuets Editores, S.A. 1999.
>Miami Herald, The, "Witnesses link Castro, drugs." January 2000.
>
>Mundo, El, "El portavoz del Gobierno vasco estuvo en Cuba con dos etarras
>en
>octubre de 1999." España; February 2000.
>Pavlov, Yuri, Soviet-Cuban Alliance (1959-1991). New Brunswick: Transaction
>Publishers, 1994.
>Pérez Giménez, Alberto; "El Departamento América cubano." Diario ABC
>S.L.U.,
>http://www.abc.es/archivo, August 2001.
>
>Profaca, Mario, "Project for Excellence in Journalism in Washington, D.C.,"
>http://mprofaca.cro.net/carlos.html#top.
>Reitan, Ruth, The Rise and Decline of an Alliance: Cuba and African leaders
>in the 1960's. Ann Arbor: Michigan State University Press, 1999.
>Ross, Enrique, Castro y las Guerrillas en Latinoamerica. Miami:
>Distribuidora Universal, 2001.
>Sale, Richard, "Analysis: U.S. Policy Morphing in Colombia." United Press
>International, 2001.
>
>Sheheri, Tami, "N.J. Governor Blasts Chesimard Letter." APBnews.com;
>http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a391adbb70910.htm, December 1998.
>Terrorism Research Center, The, "Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA).
>Next Generation Terrorism Analysis."
>http://www.terrorism.com/terrorism/MRTA.shtml, 1996 - 2000.
>Times, The, "Arrested IRA man 'is Sinn Fein Cuba link'". British News,
>August 2001.
>
>Washington Post Foreign Service, "Havana is Haven for Fugitive '70s
>Hijacker." August 1999.
>
>The Institute for Cuban & Cuban-
>American Studies
>
>The Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies (ICCAS) is part of the
>School of International Studies at the University of Miami. ICCAS serves
>as
>an academic center for the research and study of Cuban, Cuban-American and
>U.S.-Cuban topics. It helps determine and direct the research agenda in
>Cuban Studies at the University of Miami and in the broader world of
>scholarship through academic programs, publications, and the sponsoring of
>original research on specific topics. ICCAS offers courses on Cuban
>history
>and culture and acquires or encourages the acquisition of relevant books,
>documents, collections, and other materials for the Cuban Heritage
>Collection at the University of Miami Otto G. Richter Library. It also
>serves as an educational link between the university, the exile community,
>and the South Florida community at-large. For information please call
>(305)
>284-CUBA (2822); Fax (305) 284-4875; Email to iccas.sis@miami.edu
><mailto:iccas.sis@miami.edu>
>Address -
>Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies School of
>International Studies
> P.O. Box 248174
> Coral Gables, FL 33124-3010
>
>About the Occasional Paper Series
>
>The Institute publishes between 6-12 works per year as part of its
>Occasional Paper Series. A broad range of topics is covered by the series,
>from the social sciences to the humanities to more policy-oriented works on
>current events. An annual subscription is $50. Back issues are available
>for $10 per copy.
>
>Recently Published
>
>* Irving Louis Horowitz, "Political Pilgrimage to Cuba, 1959-1995."
>(August 1996).
>* Joaquín Roy, "España, la Uni?n Europea y Cuba: la evoluci?n de una
>relaci?n especial a una política de gestos y de presi?n." (September
>1996).
>* Antonio Jorge, "Methodology, Ideology, and the Economy: The Dismal
>State of Cuban Studies." (October 1996).
>* Enrique A. Baloyra, "Twelve Monkeys: Cuban National Defense and the
>Military." (November 1996)
>* José Manuel Hernández, "Félix Varela: El primer cubano." (December
>1996).
>* Double Issue: "Facing the Future: Two views on Cuba's Inevitable
>Transition." Includes Edward González, "Cuba's Dismal Post-Castro Futures"
>and Alberto Coll, "The Future of U.S.-Cuba Relations." (February 1996).
>* Gert Oostindie, "A Loss of Purpose: Crisis and Transition in Cuba."
>(March 1997).
>* Marta Beatriz Roque Cabello and Arnaldo Lauzurique, "Documentos del
>Instituto Cubano de Economistas Independientes." (April 1997).
>* Jaime Suchlicki, "Cuba: A Current Assessment." (May 1997).
>* Graciella Cruz-Taura, "De Patria Soñada a Nación Funesta: Cuba en la
>Obra de José Antonio Saco." (June 1997).
>* Emilio T. González, "The Cuban Connection: Drug Trafficking and the
>Castro Regine." (July 1997).
>* Gustavo Pérez-Firmat, "A Willingness of the Heart: Cubanidad,
>Cubaneo, Cubanía."
>* (September 1997).
>* Jorge Duany, "From the Cuban ajiaco to the Cuban-American Hyphen:
>Changing Discourses of National Identity on the island and in the
>Diaspora."
>(October 1997).
>* Ricardo Pau-Llosa, "The Tasks of Exile." (November 1997).
>* Ileana Fuentes, "De Patria a Matria." (December 1997).
>* Holly Ackerman, "Five Meanings of Cuba's Political Prisoners."
>(February 1998).
>* Juan del Aguila, "Exiles or Immigrants? The Politics of National
>Identity." (March 1998).
>* José Manuel Hernández, "The Politics of Wishful Thinking: Nineteenth
>Century Precedents of the Bay of Pigs." (April 1998).
>* George Lambie, "Cuban-European Relations: Historical Perspectives
>and Political Consequences." (May 1998).
>* Charlotte Cosner,"Vegueros and Tabaqueros: Rebellion, Revolution,
>and 'The Devil's Plant': Challenges to State Control in Colonial Cuba."
>(June 1998).
>* Maria Werlau, "Impressions on the Visit of Pope John Paul II to
>Cuba." (September 1998).
>* Juan Clark, "The Pope's Visit to Cuba and its Aftermath." (June
>1999).
>* Domingo Amuchastegui, "Cuba in the Middle East: A Brief Chronology."
>(July 1999).
>* Antonio Jorge, "The U.S. Embargo and the Failure of the Cuban
>Economy." (February 2000).
>* Efren Cordova and Eduardo Garcia Moure, "Modern Slavery: Labor
>Conditions in Cuba." (April 2000).
>* Efren Cordova and Eduardo Garcia Moure, "La situacion de los
>trabajadores en Cuba." (April 2000).
>* Jaime Suchlicki, "The U.S. Embargo of Cuba." (June 2000).
>* Sara M. Sanchez, "Afro-Cuban Diasporan Religions: A Comparative
>Analysis of the Literature and Selected Annotated Bibliography." (August
>2000).
>* Irving Louis Horowitz, "Searching for the Soul of American Foreign
>Policy: The Cuban Embargo and the National Interest." (September 2000).
>* Dr. Moises Asís, "Judaism in Cuba: 1959-1999." (December 2000).
>* Enrico Mario Santi, "Fresa y Chocolate: The Rhetoric of Cuban
>Reconciliation." (May 2001).
>
>
>
>